Chapter 22 Regulation and ReproductionCH. 22
Section 1 The Endocrine System
I. Functions of the Endocrine System
A. Preparing body for fight or flight in emergencies
B. Control Systems
1. Endocrine system
a. Sends chemical messages in your blood to specific
tissues – target tissues
b. Body does not respond as quickly to chemical messages as it does to
impulses
2. Nervous system – sends rapid impulses to and from your brain and
throughout your body
II. Endocrine Glands
A. Produce chemical messages called hormones
– can speed up or slow down cellular processes
B. Ductless – release of hormones directly into the blood
C. Target tissue – located far from location that produces
hormone to which it responds
D. Gland Functions
1. Pineal Gland
a. Deep in the brain
b. Produces melatonin - regulates wake/sleep patterns
2. Pituitary Gland
a. Deep in the brain
b. Affects many body activities from growth to reproduction
3. Thymus
a. Behind sternum in upper chest
b. Stimulates production of certain infection-fighting cells
4. Thyroid Gland
a. Below larynx
b. Regulates metabolic rate
5. Parathyroid Glands
a. Attached to back of the thyroid gland
b. Regulates calcium levels
6. Adrenal Glands
a. On top of the kidneys
b. Helps body adapt to physical and emotional stress
c. Stabilizes blood sugar levels
7. Pancreas
a. Between the kidneys
b. Controls sugar levels in bloodstream
8. Testes – male reproductive organs, produce testosterone
9. Ovaries – female reproductive organs, produce estrogen and
progesterone
III. A Negative Feedback System
A. Endocrine system sends chemical messages back and forth
within itself
B. Control of glucose level in bloodstream
1. Meal is eaten
2. Glucose level in bloodstream increases
3. Pancreas produces insulin
4. Insulin causes liver and other tissues to take up more glucose
5. Blood glucose level returns to normal level
– homeostasis is restored
Section 2 The Reproductive System
I. Reproduction and the Endocrine System
A. Hormones are key factors in the function of the reproduction system
B. Pituitary gland – produces hormones
1. Female sex hormones – stimulate egg production in ovaries
2. Male sex hormones – stimulate sperm production in testes
II. The Male Reproductive System
A. External organs – penis and scrotum
B. Internal organs – testes
1. Found in the scrotum
2. Produce testosterone – male hormone
3. Produce sperm – male reproductive cells
C. Sperm
1. Have a head and a tail
2. Head contains hereditary material
3. Semen – sperm mixed with fluid energy source
III. The Female Reproductive System
A. Ovaries – female sex organs
B. Eggs – female reproductive cells
C. Ovulation – a hormone-controlled process in which an ovary
releases an egg
D. Uterus – a hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ in which a fertilized
egg develops
E. Vagina
1. Birth canal
2. A Muscular tube that opens to the outside of the body
IV. The Menstrual Cycle
A. The monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system
B. Controlled by hormones including estrogen and progesterone
C. Phases
1. Phase 1
a. Menstruation – release of blood and uterine lining tissue
b. Lasts about 4 to 6 days
2. Phase 2
a. Lining of the uterus thickens
b. Egg is released from the ovary
3. Phase 3
a. Uterine lining thickens
b. Uterus is ready to support and nourish developing embryo
c. Lining of uterus breaks down if egg is not fertilized
D. Menopause
1. Gradual shutdown of the ovaries
2. Ends ovulation and menstrual periods
Section 3 Human Life Stages
I. The Function of the Reproductive System
A. Fertilization
1. The uniting of an egg and a sperm
2. Usually takes place in the oviduct
II. Fertilization
A. Zygote Formation
1. Only one sperm can enter an egg
2. Nucleus of the sperm joins with nucleus of the egg – creates a zygote
3. Mitosis and cell division begins
III. Multiple Births
A. Fraternal twins
1. Two eggs leave the ovary
2. Both are fertilized
3. Can be same two boys, two girls, or a boy and a girl
B. Identical twins
1. Develop from the same egg and sperm
2. Either two boys or two girls
IV. Development Before Birth
A. Zygote attaches to wall of the uterus after about seven days
1. Develops into a baby
2. Pregnancy lasts about nine months
B. The Embryo
1. Zygote after it attaches to wall of the uterus
2. Placenta
a. Materials diffuse between mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood
b. Amniotic fluid
1) Acts as a cushion
2) Stores nutrients and waste
C. The Fetus
1. Embryo after first two months
2. Body organs are present
V. The Birthing Process
A. Labor – muscular contractions of the uterus
B. Delivery
1. Baby emerges from the birth canal
2. Fluid is suctioned from baby’s nose and mouth after head emerges
3. After head and shoulders appear, contraction force rest of baby out
C. Cesarean Section
1. Baby is not delivered through birth canal
2. Incision is made through mother’s abdominal wall
D. After Birth
1. Umbilical cord is cut
2. Scar from cord forms naval
Section 1 The Endocrine System
I. Functions of the Endocrine System
A. Preparing body for fight or flight in emergencies
B. Control Systems
1. Endocrine system
a. Sends chemical messages in your blood to specific
tissues – target tissues
b. Body does not respond as quickly to chemical messages as it does to
impulses
2. Nervous system – sends rapid impulses to and from your brain and
throughout your body
II. Endocrine Glands
A. Produce chemical messages called hormones
– can speed up or slow down cellular processes
B. Ductless – release of hormones directly into the blood
C. Target tissue – located far from location that produces
hormone to which it responds
D. Gland Functions
1. Pineal Gland
a. Deep in the brain
b. Produces melatonin - regulates wake/sleep patterns
2. Pituitary Gland
a. Deep in the brain
b. Affects many body activities from growth to reproduction
3. Thymus
a. Behind sternum in upper chest
b. Stimulates production of certain infection-fighting cells
4. Thyroid Gland
a. Below larynx
b. Regulates metabolic rate
5. Parathyroid Glands
a. Attached to back of the thyroid gland
b. Regulates calcium levels
6. Adrenal Glands
a. On top of the kidneys
b. Helps body adapt to physical and emotional stress
c. Stabilizes blood sugar levels
7. Pancreas
a. Between the kidneys
b. Controls sugar levels in bloodstream
8. Testes – male reproductive organs, produce testosterone
9. Ovaries – female reproductive organs, produce estrogen and
progesterone
III. A Negative Feedback System
A. Endocrine system sends chemical messages back and forth
within itself
B. Control of glucose level in bloodstream
1. Meal is eaten
2. Glucose level in bloodstream increases
3. Pancreas produces insulin
4. Insulin causes liver and other tissues to take up more glucose
5. Blood glucose level returns to normal level
– homeostasis is restored
Section 2 The Reproductive System
I. Reproduction and the Endocrine System
A. Hormones are key factors in the function of the reproduction system
B. Pituitary gland – produces hormones
1. Female sex hormones – stimulate egg production in ovaries
2. Male sex hormones – stimulate sperm production in testes
II. The Male Reproductive System
A. External organs – penis and scrotum
B. Internal organs – testes
1. Found in the scrotum
2. Produce testosterone – male hormone
3. Produce sperm – male reproductive cells
C. Sperm
1. Have a head and a tail
2. Head contains hereditary material
3. Semen – sperm mixed with fluid energy source
III. The Female Reproductive System
A. Ovaries – female sex organs
B. Eggs – female reproductive cells
C. Ovulation – a hormone-controlled process in which an ovary
releases an egg
D. Uterus – a hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ in which a fertilized
egg develops
E. Vagina
1. Birth canal
2. A Muscular tube that opens to the outside of the body
IV. The Menstrual Cycle
A. The monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system
B. Controlled by hormones including estrogen and progesterone
C. Phases
1. Phase 1
a. Menstruation – release of blood and uterine lining tissue
b. Lasts about 4 to 6 days
2. Phase 2
a. Lining of the uterus thickens
b. Egg is released from the ovary
3. Phase 3
a. Uterine lining thickens
b. Uterus is ready to support and nourish developing embryo
c. Lining of uterus breaks down if egg is not fertilized
D. Menopause
1. Gradual shutdown of the ovaries
2. Ends ovulation and menstrual periods
Section 3 Human Life Stages
I. The Function of the Reproductive System
A. Fertilization
1. The uniting of an egg and a sperm
2. Usually takes place in the oviduct
II. Fertilization
A. Zygote Formation
1. Only one sperm can enter an egg
2. Nucleus of the sperm joins with nucleus of the egg – creates a zygote
3. Mitosis and cell division begins
III. Multiple Births
A. Fraternal twins
1. Two eggs leave the ovary
2. Both are fertilized
3. Can be same two boys, two girls, or a boy and a girl
B. Identical twins
1. Develop from the same egg and sperm
2. Either two boys or two girls
IV. Development Before Birth
A. Zygote attaches to wall of the uterus after about seven days
1. Develops into a baby
2. Pregnancy lasts about nine months
B. The Embryo
1. Zygote after it attaches to wall of the uterus
2. Placenta
a. Materials diffuse between mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood
b. Amniotic fluid
1) Acts as a cushion
2) Stores nutrients and waste
C. The Fetus
1. Embryo after first two months
2. Body organs are present
V. The Birthing Process
A. Labor – muscular contractions of the uterus
B. Delivery
1. Baby emerges from the birth canal
2. Fluid is suctioned from baby’s nose and mouth after head emerges
3. After head and shoulders appear, contraction force rest of baby out
C. Cesarean Section
1. Baby is not delivered through birth canal
2. Incision is made through mother’s abdominal wall
D. After Birth
1. Umbilical cord is cut
2. Scar from cord forms naval